Lord Of The Flies Essay -- essays research papers

Essay on Lord of the Flies   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The novel, Lord of the Flies, was written by William Golding. William Golding was born on September 19, 1911. His literary ambitions began at the young age of seven. He received his Bachelor of Arts from Oxford University in 1935. His novels explore characters and situations. In Lord of the Flies, it is a time of war. A group of English schoolboys are on a plane, when they are attacked and they have to evacuate their aircraft. They find themselves on a remote island, somewhere in the Pacific Ocean, without any adult supervision. A boy named Ralph takes charge and forms a crude society, with a democratic type of government. Then, a boy named Jack decides to break off and form his own society, with him being the leader, governing with a dictatorship type of government, causing Ralph’s society to crumble and fall apart. William Golding believed that the defects of a society could be traced back to the flaws of the human nature. These societies were very differ ent from each other because the individuals were very different.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ralph’s society was based on everyone having a say in the government. Ralph was kind and good to the people of his society. He let them have freedom and liberties which was not go for his society because they abused their freedom and became lazy and irresponsible. His society did not have their priorities in order because Ralph did not stress that the rescue fire and the ...

Ethical Decision Making Essay

Webbster ´s Dictionary makes the following definitions Ethic , system of moral standards ,  Ethical , conforming to moral and to professional standards of conducts Ethics , study of standards of conduct and moral judgment . The system of morals of a particular person , religion , group . Kelman and Hamilton , 1989 , The authors state , that Ethical/Moral Issue , is present where a person’s actions , when freely and in conscious choice or decision is made, may harm or benefit or have consequences for others Ethical/Moral Agents , is a person who makes a moral decision , even though she or he may not recognize that moral issues are at stake . Ethical/ Moral Decision , decision that is both legal and morally acceptable to a larger community . Successful Managers Handbook , PDI , S Gebelein , LStevens , pg 318 , 320 , 321 Ethical Organization An ethical organization is one that adheres to ethical rules and principles in all its actions , whether the actions are internal or external , written or spoken , at high level or low . Ethical organizations often have a written code of conduct , but more generally have well-grounded and widely understood principles and values that guide even the smallest decision or action Leadership Challenge , Jim Kouzes and Barry Posner , Ch 2 According to the authors, the four characteristics that are more important to the group surrounding a leader , are : Honesty , Progressive , Inspiring and Competent . The research based on several thousand of interviews in 1987 and 1995 Honesty in both researches was selected as the number one characteristic that leader must have in order for people to trust and follow him , it speaks about being reliable , ethic and loyal to his principles . People will look for those conducts and evaluate also congruence in what they say and what they do Successful Managers Handbook , PDI , S Gebelein , LStevens , pg , 579 , 580 Effective Leaders know what they stand for and follow their own values and ethics. They are willing to endure difficulty , take risks , and make themselves uncomfortable in order to live their values There are many decisions models and Ethical decision model , but one easy way to provoke the Ethical/Moral revision of our actions in Periodically review your decisions and actions to ensure that they are consistent with your values As you make a decision , consider whether you would be comfortable appearing on national TV to justify it or comfortable explaining the decision to your children and family Make your rationale and position clear to others When refusing a request , clearly explain to those involved why you cannot support them Seek advice and counsel of others . they may see the situation in a different way , identify more options and provide important insight Don’t overlook the people aspect of making tough decisions . be prepared to deal with other peoples reaction and to direct people to resources that will help them to deal with the impact of the decision Will my actions stand the test of time ? a year from now , will I be glad I ignored the problem or took the action I did ? There are other models to follow , like Laura Nash and from the Josephson Institute of Ethics The Twelve Questions Model Laura Nash, an ethics researcher, created the Twelve Questions Model as a simple approach to ethical decision making. Nash, L. (1981). Ethics without the sermon. Howard Business Review, 59 79–90, accessed February 24, 2012, http://www.cs.bgsu.edu/maner/heuristics/1981Nash.htm In her model, she suggests asking yourself questions to determine if you are making the right ethical decision. This model asks people to reframe their perspective on ethical decision making, which can be helpful in looking at ethical choices from all angles. Her model consists of the following questions :Nash, L. (1981). Ethics without the sermon. Howard Business Review, 59 79–90, accessed February 24,  2012, http://www.cs.bgsu.edu/maner/heuristics/1981Nash.htm 1 Have you defined the problem accurately? 2 How would you define the problem if you stood on the other side of the fence? 3 How did this situation occur in the first place? 4 To whom and what do you give your loyalties as a person and as a member of the company? 5 What is your intention in making this decision? 6 How does this intention compare with the likely results? 7 Whom could your decision or action injure? 8 Can you engage the affected parties in a discussion of the problem before you make your decision? 9 Are you confident that your position will be as valid over a long period of time as it seems now? 10 Could you disclose without qualms your decision or action to your boss, your family, or society as a whole? 11 What is the symbolic potential of your action if understood? If miss understood? 12 Under what conditions would you allow exceptions to your stand? As you can see in this model, first an analysis of the problem itself is important. Determining your true intention when making this decision is an important factor in making ethical decisions. In other words, what do you hope to accomplish and who can it hurt or harm? The ability to talk with affected parties upfront is telling. If you were unwilling to talk with the affected parties, there is a chance (because you want it kept secret) that it could be the wrong ethical decision. Also, looking at your ,actions from other people’s perspectives is a core of this model . Some of the possible approaches to ethical decision making. No one model is perfect, so understanding all of the possibilities and combining them is the best way to look at ethical decision making. Josephson Institute of Ethics’ Model Josephson Institute of Ethics uses a model that focuses on six steps to ethical decision making. The steps consist of stop and think, clarify goals, determine facts, develop options, consider consequences, choose, and monitor/modify. . Figure 5.4 â€Å"An Example of Josephson’s Model when Dealing with the Ethical Situation of Downloading Music from Share Websites.† gives an example of the ethical decision-making process using Josephson’s model.  Figure 5.4 An Example of Josephson’s Model when Dealing with the Ethical Situation of Downloading Music from Share Websites. My Opinion Ethics is not about rules is about Transparency, Trust, and Honesty You will know that you are being unethical, doing wrong or abusing when : You are consciously breaking rules , laws and codes . Written or not Persons , communities or places are being harmed or affected by environmental , economic , security conditions You will not openly talk about decisions you or your company are taking , with family , friends or colleagues You spend more time minimizing the economical , cultural , group impact of your decisions than maximizing the benefits of the decision ETHICAL DECISION MAKING SITUATIONS Situation 1 : Facilitating Decisions in the Middle East On one side you have a very open position from the government , accepting the help of friends and relatives from the Minister to grant the contracts . Even when your company has not yet established a code of conduct , has formed a committee to consider one . The government of your country passed an ethical business practice act , that although vague , implies this kind of payment to be a violation . More important , ALL the executive group above you do not want to become involved . Therefor , I would NOT proceed with the bid , I would write a letter to my supervisor , expressing the implications of the bribe if our government finds out about the $200 k and also , I would meet with the Minister expressing the company policy , offering to work along in other projects or with technical support , ETHICAL DECISION MAKING SITUATIONS Situation 3 :The Southeast Asian Advertising Campaign You are new in the position . It is the advertising agency that is presenting for approval ,the plan to introduce a new tire . The new tire is better is better than some local products , the tire is than competitors and has been successfully tested . Senior Management is expecting a favorable reception .  The company has an ethical business act and a code of conduct I would push the advertising company to focus on the real advantages of the tire and express the benefit of buying an extraordinary tire that will cost less than the competitors . The test conditions of heat and humidity are technical , so I would express them in â€Å"small letters† as a disclosure in the advertisement . I would review the tire comparisons and advertising plans in my country of origin and in other parts of the world for this same tire . Also review past presentations where the Senior Management was involved and supportive .

Themes of Shakespeares Comedy Measure for Measure

There are a number of themes in Measure for Measure, William Shakespeares comedic play. Some of these themes include: Judgment and punishmentSexMarriageReligionThe role of women Here is a deeper dive into these Measure for Measure themes: Judgment and Punishment Shakespeares Measure for Measure asks the audience to consider how and to what extent people can judge one another. As we see in the play, just because someone holds a position of power doesnt mean that they are morally superior. The play questions whether it is possible to legislate issues of morality and how to do so. Had Claudio been executed, Juliet would have been left with both a child and a tattered reputation, and she would have no way to look after the child. Angelo was clearly in the wrong morally, but he was given a job to do and followed through. However, he wasn’t going to legislate and punish himself. Meanwhile, the Duke has fallen in love with Isabella, Claudios sister, so  his decisions regarding punishment for Claudio and Angelo may have been skewed. The play suggests that people should be answerable for their sins, but should also receive the same treatment as they provide—treat others as you would like to be treated, and if you commit a sin, expect to pay for it. Sex Sex is the main driver of the action in this play. In Vienna, illicit sex and prostitution are major social problems, resulting in illegitimacy and disease. This too is a concern for Shakespeare’s London, especially with the occurring plague, as sex could result in death. Mistress Overdone represents casual access to sex in the play. Claudio is sentenced to death by beheading for impregnating  his fiancà ©e. Isabella is told she can save her brother by having sex with Angelo, but she risks both spiritual death and the death of her reputation. Thus, the play questions whether it is right for government to legislate against sexuality. Marriage Shakespeare’s comedies often celebrate a marriage, which is usually seen as a happy ending. In Measure for Measure, however, marriage is ironically used to regulate and punish promiscuous behavior: Angelo is forced to marry Mariana and Lucio is forced to marry Mistress Overdone. This cynical look at marriage is unusual in a comedy. Additionally, marriage saves the womens reputations and gives them a position they would otherwise not have had. For Juliet, Mariana, and, to an extent, Mistress Overdone, this is the best option. Readers are asked to consider whether marriage would be a good option for Isabella; she could marry the Duke and have a good social position, but does she actually love him or is she expected to marry him out of appreciation for what he has done for her brother? Religion The title of Measure for Measure comes from the gospel of Matthew: â€Å"For in the same way you judge others, you will be judged, and with the measure you use, it will be measured to you (Matthew 7:2). Appropriately, the main themes are associated with religion: morality, virtue, sin, punishment, death, and atonement. The main character, Isabella, is herself obsessed with virtue, chastity, and her spiritual journey. The Role of Women Each woman in the play is controlled by the forces of patriarchy. They are vastly different characters, but their social standings are limited by the men in their lives: A novice nun is blackmailed, a prostitute is arrested for running a brothel, and Mariana is jilted for not having a large enough dowry. Additionally, Juliet and her unborn child are compromised by the attitudes she will face if she has an illegitimate child.